Esti Junining

University of Brawijaya

[email protected]

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Regarding the Indonesian government need to increase English as a Foreign Language (EFL) proficiency scores, the present study is intended to find the relationship between intelligence (IQ), critical thinking skills (CTS) and EFL proficiency among pre-advanced EFL learners in Indonesia. Thirty five respondents having EFL proficiency scores of at least 500 are taken as the samples of the study. All of the respondents are further being given a test on intelligence and critical thinking skills in reading respectively. The scores of EFL proficiency are taken from the English students records in the even semester of 2011/2012. All of the three results of scores are analyzed using multiple regression analysis. On the basis of this analysis, the research questions are: how IQ is related to CTS in reading, and how IQ and CTS in reading contribute to EFL proficiency. The first result shows that there is no significant relationship between IQ and CTS in reading. The pedagogical implication is that in order to be able to read EFL reading, EFL learners do not need specific level of IQ. The second result indicates that there is no significant relationship between IQ scores and EFL proficiency scores, but there is a significant relationship between the scores of CTS in reading and EFL proficiency. The pedagogical implication is that the scores of CTS in reading are not influenced by the level of IQ and thus CTS in reading can be taught in the classroom to increase EFL proficiency.

REFERENCES

Academic Documents of Brawijaya University, 2012

Ary, D. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. USA.

Azwar, S. 2010. Pengantar Psikologi Inteligensi. Pustaka Pelajar. Yogyakarta.

Bernard, R.M., Zhang D, Abrami, P.C, Sicoly, F., Borokhovski, E., Surkes, M.A. 2013. Appraisal: One scale or many subscales?Science Direct. Elsevier, (Online), 3: 15 – 22, (http://www.sciencedirect.com) retrieved 3 January 2008. Exploring the structure of the Watson–Glaser Critical Thinking

Budimarwanto, T. 1991. Hubungan Self Esteem dan Intelegensi dengan Prestasi Belajar pada Siswa Kelas II SMA Negeri IV Yogyakarta, Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Butler, H.A, Dwyer, C.P, Hogan, M.J, Franco, A, Rivas, S.F, Saiz, C, Almeida, L.S. 2012. The Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment and real-world outcomes:Cross-national applications. Science Direct. Elsevier, (Online), 7: 112 – 121, (http://www.sciencedirect.com) retrieved 3 January 2013.

Cahyono, B.Y, and Widiati, U. 2006. The Teaching of Reading in the Indonesian Context: The State of the Art. TEFLIN Journal, (Online) 17 (1): 36 – 58, (http://www.teflinjournal.org) retrieved 31 July 2011

Cherry, K. 2013. Fluid versus Crystallized Inteligence. (online) (http://www.about.com.Psychology) retrieved 27 August 2013.

Christiati, A.T. 1987. Hubungan antara Harga Diri, Motif Berprestasi dan Intelegensi dengan Prestasi Akademik di Kalangan Taruna Penerbang PLP Curug-Tangerang. Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Clymer,J. 1968. Barrett’s Taxonomy of Reading Comprehension. Longman.

Cottrell, S. 2005. Critical Thinking Skills. Palgrave Macmillan.

Crook,J. 2006. Substantive Critical Thinking as Developed by the Foundation for Critical Thinking Proves Effective in Raising SAT and CAT Test Scores at West Side High School. NCA Final Documentation Report. Nebraska.

Csapo, B & Nikolov, M. 2009.  The cognitive contribution to the development of proficiency in a foreign language. Science Direct. Elsevier, (Online), Vol 19, Issue 2: 209 – 218, (http://www.sciencedirect.com) retrieved 27 August 2013.

Huitt,W. 2004. Bloom et al.’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain. Educational Psychology Interaction. Valdosta, G.A: Valdosta State University

Iftanti, E. 2012. A Survey of the English Reading Habits of EFL Students in Indonesia. TEFLIN Journal, Volume 23, Number 2: 149 – 164 , July 2012

Jauk,  E, Benedek M, Dunst, B, Neubauer, A.C. 2013. The relationship between intelligence and creativity: New support for the threshold hypothesis by means of empirical breakpoint detection. Science Direct. Elsevier, (Online), Intelligence 41: 212 – 221, (http://www.sciencedirect.com) retrieved 27 August 2013

Kameo, R.M. 2007. Critical Thinking in the Classroom: Some Cultural Constraints. English Edu. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol.7,No.1 January 2007: 1-13.

Lie, A. 2007. Education Policy And Efl Curriculum In Indonesia: Between the Commitment To Competence And The Quest For Higher Test Scores. TEFLIN Journal, Volume 18, Number 1: 1-14, February 2007

Niewoehner and Steidle. 2008. The Loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia: Portaging Leadership Lessons with a Critical Thinking Model. Engineering Management Journal. Columbia.

Paul, R and Elder, L. 2006. International Critical Thinking Test. Foundation for Critical Thinking.

Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2012 tentang Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia. Jakarta.

Perry, W.G.Jr. 1970. Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston); reprinted Nov 1998; Jossey – Bass; ISBN: 0787941182.

Pratomo, S., Purnamaningsih, E.H., & Harjito, P. 1987. Pengaruh Intelegensi, Self Esteem dan Kecemasan terhadap Prestasi Belajar, Laporan Penelitian, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Purnamaningsih, E.H., Pratomo, S., & Utami, M.S.1987. Perbedaan Prestasi Belajar Mahasiswa yang Berasal dari SMA Jurusan IPA dan SMA Jurusan IPS pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Gadjah Mada Angkatan Tahun 1995/1996, Laporan Penelitian, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Santrock, J.W. 2002. Life-Span Development. Penerbit Erlangga. Surabaya.

Saukah, A. 2010. Classroom Lecture. Malang. Indonesia.

Scanlan, J.S. 2006. The Effect of Richard Paul’s Universal Elements and Standards of Reasoning on Twelfth Grade Composition. The Journal of Educational Research. Washington.

Shakib, S, Barani, G. 2011.   The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Language Proficiency of Iranian High School Students. Science Direct. Elsevier, (Online), Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 : 1603 – 1607, (http://www.sciencedirect.com) retrieved 27 August 2013

Stonewater J.K.& Wolcott, S.K. 2005. Two Rubrics for Critical Thinking Assessment: A Mini – Training Session. Oxford. The 2005 Assessment Institute at IUPUI.

Sternberg, R.J. 2009. Cognitive Psychology. Wadsworth. Cengage Learning. Belmont, CA.

Sulistyo, G.H. & Suharmanto. 2007. Archetypal Efl Readers: Preliminary Empirical Evidence Substantiated From Selected Discriminating Variables.   TEFLIN Journal, Volume 18, Number 1: 68 – 93, February 200.

Suparmi. 1991. Hubungan antara Sikap Mandiri, Motif Berprestasi dan Intelegensi dengan Prestasi Akademik pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada, Skripsi, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada

Utami, I. 1994. Hubungan antara Percaya Diri, Locus of Control dengan Prestasi Belajar Matematika pada Sistem Sekolah Menengah Atas di Kotamadya Yogyakarta, Skripsi, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Wray, A.H & Fox, C.W. 2013. Specific Aspects of Cognitive and Language Proficiency Account for Variability in Neural Indices of Semantic and Syntactic Processing in Children.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. Vol.5: 149 – 171.

Wulan, R. 1986. Hubungan antara Kemampuan Persepsi Visual dan Intelegensi dengan Prestasi Belajar Murid-murid Kelas Satu Sekolah Dasar Negeri Ungaran I Yogyakarta Tahun 1985/1986. Laporan Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Yuniarti, K.W. 1988. Pola Asuh Anak, Self Esteem, Motivasi Berprestasi dan Prestasi Belajar, Skripsi, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.